Printing Organs And The Human Body - 1476 Words

Printing organs has been talked about and attempted to be used for close to 40 years. Printing organs can help with advancements in many ways because it could help many of the people that are on the Organ Transplanting List, not to mention it could save countless lives as well. If organs are able to be printed and executed for procedures and transplants, then we could reduce hospital bills that increase during the time that you are waiting for an organ. Therefore, making a large advancement in the healthcare field. Organ printing can be very difficult and must be executed very carefully considering that the body may reject the new organ. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a manufacturing method in which objects are made by fusing or depositing materials—such as plastic, metal, ceramics, powders, liquids, or even living cells—in layers to produce a 3D object (Ventola, October 2014). It is incredible to see how such materials can be used to be put together to make a livin g organism that can be used in a human’s body. As a person ages this could be very useful because organs tend to fail and become weak when a person gets older they could potentially be used to replace the failing organs. There are many different types of 3D printing and they do all come with some positives but at the same time they come with some negatives as well. There is selective laser printing, an SLS printer uses powdered material as the substrate for printing new objects. A laser draws the shape ofShow MoreRelated3D-Printing Case Study969 Words   |  4 Pages3D-Printing has become a rising industry within the technological world and becomes more accessible by being cheaper to produce and more efficient to print objects. The materials that can use to print can range from plastic to food, however, a new material is being used to create objects: cells are now being used 3D-Print organs to reduce the number of people on the waiting list for organ transplants and ultimate ly to reduce death. This may seem too good to be true but researchers have to handleRead More3D Printing in Medicine1696 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Approximately 18 people die every day waiting for an organ transplant† (3D Printed, Mearian). Thousands of dying patients lay their hopes in the possibility of finding a suitable organ, yet due to issues dealing with supply vs. demand, patients die while they wait. However, there is a new type of technology that has the potential of revolutionizing medicine, and its fundamental goal is to completely eradicate this waiting list. This new type of technology threatens to change the way many aspectsRead MoreDigital Printers Vs. 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The current organ situation in Australia was explored to assess whether the implementation of bio-printing was suitable. It was discovered that more than 1,500 people are on the Australian organ transplant waiting list, and was thus concluded that bio-printing technology could assist in reducing stressRead MoreMoral And Ethical Implications Of 3d Printing Technology1478 Words   |  6 Pages Moral and Ethical Implications of 3D Printing Technology In his work, â€Å"Introduction: Nanotechnology, Society, and Ethics†, CalPoly Associate Professor of Philosophy Patrick Lin writes, â€Å"Let’s take a step back and consider any given technology we have created: gunpowder, the printing press, the camera, the automobile, nuclear power, the computer, Prozac, Viagra, the mobile phone, the Internet. Undoubtedly, these have brought us much good, but each has also changed society in important, fundamentalRead MoreEvaluating The Future Of Medicine1508 Words   |  7 PagesThree-dimensional printing is revolutionizing our modern day lives as we speak. Although there are several types of 3D printing, one version that has caught the public’s attention is 3D medical printing, or also known as bio printing. 3D medical printing will revolutionize the medical field and makes lives easier. This emerging technology will enable future 3D printers to produce synthetic human tissue, human organs, and transform how doctors and patients view medicine. The use of 3D Printing dates backRead More3d Printing Technological Advancement?1148 Words   |  5 Pages3D Printing Technological Advancement? I will be talking about whether or not we as a society should use the new â€Å"hot† product; the 3D Printer. Overall I am for using the 3D printer. However there are ways the 3D printer is not a great item to use. The first printer dates back to the year 200 in ancient China, back then it was called â€Å"woodblock printing.† However the use of printing did not become popular until the 1440’s when the printing press came out. 3D printing or Stereolithography is fairlyRead MoreTissue Engineering in Replace of Organ Donation1353 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan donation provided a new therapeutic path when new drugs and devices failed to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate of patients with such illnesses as cardiovascular diseases. By replacing damaged organs or tissue with a functioning substitute, organ transplantation offers an immediate cure. Unfortunately, this â€Å"cure† is never guaranteed because of the high risk of graft rejection and thatâ€⠄¢s if a suitable donor can be found. Thus, tissue engineering has been the projected new treatmentRead MoreEssay On 3d Printing1121 Words   |  5 PagesPrinting a New Future: The Revolutionary Applications of 3-Dimensional Printing Picture this, almost out of thin air, what resembles the sole of a shoe starts to materialize from a viscous pool of liquid polymer. This isn’t a scene from a sci-fi movie, it is actually the future of manufacturing. The athletic wear company, Adidas, has already started using 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, in their two new highly automated factories. Flashback to the 1980s, invented by Charles Hull

Gender and Power Dyanics in ; ‘Oroonoko’ by Aphra Behn and...

Paper 1; ‘Oroonoko’ by Aphra Behn and ‘The Rape of the Lock’ by Alexander Pope The relationship between gender and power dynamics is relevant to the understanding of literature through the ages. However, the widespread problematic belief that women are simply the passive, powerless victims of male power is oversimplified and outdated. Power relations, as theorized by Foucault in ‘The History of Sexuality’ are far more complex; the dynamic is ever-changing, from moment to moment and therefore any interpretation of the exchange of power requires a much deeper analysis than what meets the eye. The idea of power determined from and by sexuality can be understood in a comparison of the novel, ‘Oroonoko’ by Aphra Behn with the satiric poem,†¦show more content†¦Pope describes Belinda who is meant to represent women in the era in the lines: â€Å"Her lively looks a sprightly mind disclose,/ Quick as her eyes, and unfixed as those:† (‘The Rape of the Lock’, Canto II, p.50). The use of the word â€Å"sprightly† refers to her being gay, vivacious, somewhat ditzy and her being unfixed implies that Belinda, and women in general are fickle and unable to focus on any one thing. Overall, Pope generalizes women as superficial, sprightly and attention seeking. This creates some debate as to whether these women are powerful in being significant enough to be represented in the first place or powerless in having their essence being snatched away by Pope. Additionally, while the poem attempts the critique the values associated with femininity such as vanity, shallowness, self-obsession, and beauty, in order to do so it lends these qualities power to be the central theme of the poem, in a sense glorifying the very same values he aims to critique. Both texts pivot directly around female sexuality and its implications in a patriarchal culture where womens bodies and their purity are regulated and valued as their true value. Imoinda is presented as beautiful and desirable by fellow slaves and their masters. However, she isn’t violated by Trefry even though â€Å"all the white Beautys he had seen, never charm’d him so absolutely as this

Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda Free Essays

string(148) " to come up with particular issues that need to be addressed in order to improve their effectviness and efficiency in their procurement activities\." MAKERERE UNIVERSITY PROCUREMENT ETHICS AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS PROCURED IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF THE MINISTRY OF WORKS AND TRANSPORT) BY KIYO MWENDA MUCHIRI 07/K/3250/EXT SUPERVISOR MR ANTHONY TIBAINGANA A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF COMMERCE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. JULY 2011 DECLARATION I Kiyo Mwenda Muchiri, do hereby declare that procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector is entirely my own original work ,except where acknowledged,and that it has not been submitted before to any other institution of higher learning for the award of degree. Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We will write a custom essay sample on Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda or any similar topic only for you Order Now Name:Mr Kiyo Mwenda Muchiri APPROVAL This research report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the candidate’s university supervisor. Signed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Name:Mr Anthony Tibaingana DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my dear mother MERCY MUTHONI MUCHIRI for the continued love support and motivation may God bless you very much. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the contribution provided by the individuals and insituition mentioned below. First and foremost i would like to recognise the constant support and contribution provided by supervisor Mr Antony Tibaingana. Special acknowledgement goes to my loving aunt Nelly Karimi for her continued moral support love and care. Special thanks goes to the staff of ministry of works and transport and amproc international for their contribution to the completion of this work. My sincere gratitudes also goes to collegues George,Nelson,Kibet,Dickson. Omar,Oscar and Nyambati who i have shared my time of study with for their support throughout the course of my study. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTPAGE DECLARATIONi APPROVALii DEDICATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTSiv TABLE OF CONTENTSv LIST OF TABLESix LIST OF FIGURESx ACRONYMSxi ABSTRACTxii CHAPTER ONE1 1. 1Background of the Study1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3 Purpose of the Study4 . 4 Objectives of the Study4 1. 5 Research Question4 1. 6Scope of the Study4 1. 6. 1Time Scope5 1. 6. 2Subject Scope5 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope5 1. 7Significance of the Study5 CHAPTER TWO6 LITERATURE REVIEW6 Introduction:6 2. 1Ethics6 2. 1. 1Procurement Ethics6 2. 2How Ethics is ensured in Public Procurement6 2. 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 8 2. 3. 1Corruption8 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest11 2. 3. 3Donor Interest12 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds13 2. 4 Quality13 2. 4. 1Quality of Products13 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality14 2. 4. 3Public Procurement and Effective Quality Products and Service Delivery. 15 2. 5Public Procurement16 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of Work and Transport17 2. 5. 2Procurement Cycle in the Ministry of Works and Transport18 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of Works and Transport19 2. 6Effects of Unethical Procurement20 2. 7Conclusion:21 CHAPTER THREE22 Introduction:22 3. 1Research Design22 3. 2 Survey Population22 3. 3 Sampling Design22 3. 3. 1Sampling Size22 3. 4Source of Data23 3. 4. 1Primary Data23 3. 4. 2Secondary Data23 3. 5Data Collection Methods23 3. 5. 1Observation23 3. 5. 2Survey24 3. Data Collection Instrument24 3. 6. 1Questionnaire24 3. 6. 2Documentary review24 3. 6. 3Interview guide,24 3. 7Data Processing Analysis and Presentation24 3. 7. 1Data processing. The researcher after gathering the data then edit code classify and tabulate the data. 24 3. 7. 2Data analysis. 24 Data presentation. 24 CHAPTER FOUR25 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION25 Introduction:25 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents25 4. 2Findings on how products are purchased in the organization27 4. 3 Findings on causes of unethical practice in procurement31 4. Findings on the relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured33 4. 5Ethics in the Organization38 CHAPTER FIVE39 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS39 Introduction:39 5. 2Summary of findings39 5. 2. 1Findings on the procurement procedure followed under the Ministry of Works and Transport. 39 5. 2. 2Findings on the causes of unethical conduct in procurement in the ministry of Work and Transport. 39 5. 2. 3 Findings on what is the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of product procured. 39 5. 3Conclusions:40 5. 4Recommendation:40 5. 5Areas for further research40 REFRENCES41 APPENDICES42 APPENDIX ( i)Questionnaire42 APPENDIX (ii)Interview guide47 LIST OF TABLES TABLEPAGE Table 1: Showing Sample Size23 Table 2: Showing response rate of respondents25 Table 3: Showing the age of the respondents25 Table 4: Showing the Level of Education26 Table 5: Showing Marital status27 Table 6: Showing how long one has worked for the Organization27 Table 7: showing whether purchase requisition are handled on time28 Table 8: Showing whether procedures followed helps in procuring quality products29 Table 9: Showing whether products procured are of quality30 Table 10: showing whether weak enforcement measure of procurement law contributes to unethical practice31 Table 11: Showing whether moral degradation in the society is a cause of unethical conducts32 Table 12: Showing whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical conduct by staff33 Table 13: showing whether the organization code of ethics contributes to quality products being procured35 Table 14: showing whether suppliers meet organization specification of quality products36 Table 15: showing whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement poor quality products. 36 LIST OF CHARTS FIGURE. PAGE Chart 1: Showing gender of the respondents26 Chart 2: Findings if purchase requisition used are from the user unit28 Chart 3: Showing whether PPDA procedure is followed29 Chart 4:: Showing relationship between ethics and procurement30 Chart 5: Showing how low pay has contributed to unethical practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Chart 6: Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured33 Chart 7: showing whether organization have a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. 36 ACRONYMS PPDA Public Procurement and Disposal of Public assets Authority IGGInspector General of Government CHOGMCommonwealth Heads of Government Meeting PDEProcurement and Disposal Entitity SPSSStatistical Package for Social Sciences MOWTMinistry of Works and Transport ISOInternational Standards Organisation ABSTRACT The principle objective of carrying out this study was to assess the impact of procurement ethics on the quality of products procured in the public sector a case study of the ministry of works and trasport,and to come up with particular issues that need to be addressed in order to improve their effectviness and efficiency in their procurement activities. You read "Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda" in category "Papers" The study used cross section design where data was gathered just once over a period of time in the ministry of works and transport ranging from the period (2000-2010). The research used descriptive research design which describes the phenomenon it was undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The study used a sample size of 37 respondents who were purposively selected. Self administered questionnaires and interview guides were the main instruments of study and data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and charts using Microsoft excel. Findings on procurement ethics was that there some ethical issues that arise such as bribery, nepotism, tribalism, leaking of confidential information, pressure from those in authority above, awarding of contracts to those who are not the best evaluated bidders, conflict of interest, lack of transparency and single sourcing, embezzlement of funds and also harassment this was attributed to greed and low pay offered to the employees. Findings on quality of products procured were that when the PPDA procurement procedures are followed majority of the employees were of the view that it contribute to procurement of quality products. Recommendation on the issue of ethics and quality is that procurement officers should always be sensitized on the importance of ethics and the society as whole needs to be educated on the importance of ethics to reduce on the unethical practices by bidder CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the Study According to (Kenneth Lyson 2007) procurement ethics is the principle conduct governing an individual or group concern to what is right or wrong. Ethics is about fairness deciding what is right or wrong defining practices and rules which underpin responsible conduct between individuals and group it is a sense of upright both of conviction and action. (International standards organization 8402) defines the fundamental terms relating to quality concepts, it states that quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs and they go ahead to give the dimensions of quality as performance, reliability serviceability conformance durability aesthetics and perceived quality. According to research done by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) titled public procurement reform in developing countries: the Ugandan experience, procurement in Uganda consists 70% of the national budget and yet according to the inspector general of government 90% of complaints about corruption in the office are procurement related, and according to the (African pear report 2006) pubic sector losses 268. 6 million dollars directly due to unethical practices. In 2005 procurement audit carried out by the public procurement and disposal authority in Uganda out of the 322 contracts audited only 7 of the contract were clean that is only 2% of the contract reviewed. According to the (parliamentary accounts committee report on commonwealth heads of government meeting 2009) focusing on ministry of works and transport most of the products procured by the ministry were not of the right quality. For example over one billion shillings were lost due to purchasing of poor construction materials like asphalt, sand, stones, steel which were not of the right quantity and quality. This was attributed to the lapse in the procurement ethics and procedures. The auditor general also pointed on the poor quality of the roads and wanted the contracts for construction of those roads terminated and government money refunded or contractors make good of there works, because most of the roads constructed or reconstructed had potholes or ripped and some stretches of the roads poorly done and not of the recommended design and in some cases the roads were designed and not constructed at all for example the Manyago road (62kms) the Najjanamkumbi-Makindye road 1. km designed by MBW consulting engineers. According to the parliamentary accounts committee on commonwealth heads of government meeting 2009) the ministry of works and transport was responsible for procuring vehicles for transport. The vehicles were to include executive vehicles for the majesty and other heads of government, police vehicle and motor cycles, ambulances command and patrol vehicles at cost Shillings 20 bi llion. This was supposed to be done through a competitive process and the last two best evaluated bids were by spear motors and motor care Uganda limited, spear motors had the best bid but the ministry decide to use direct sourcing and the contract was awarded to motor care Uganda limited owned by 56 percentages by a cabinet minister Hon. Kuteesa. The company claimed to be importing BMW’S from Germany but they were importing them from Austria and Denmark the initials cost was 38,000 euro’s for a brand new BMW from Germany but the ministry of work and transport spent over 47,000 euro’s for second hand BMWs from Austria and Denmark which did not conform to the standards set by the procurement entity under the ministry. They were 204 BMWs but it is believed that 174 of he BMW’s were not of the required standard. Also Toyota (u) limited was given a direct contract to supply ambulances at a cost shillings 2,893,469, 700 billion. The ambulances were supposed to be 23 and all of ambulances did not conform to the set standard of quality and specification. They lacked oxygen cylinders, hooks, drug cabinets, emergency lights. Although the manufacturers acknowledged these defects and the low quality of the ambulances nothing was done to rectify the situation. The committee also found out that only 21 of 23 ambulances were delivered. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The lack of procurement planning, corruption and conflict of interest and political interference has led to procurement of poor quality products in the ministry of works and transport for example minister for works Hon Byabagambi outside of the commonwealth heads of government budget he directed the consultant engineers (M/s Multiplan) to carry out additional works which were not well stated outside the law in total disregard for the law this variation led to a loss of shillings 1. 7billion. This was flouting of the public procurement and disposal authority law. The procurement system in Uganda varies in major way due to the fact that most projects are donor funded institutions like the world bank, international monetary fund and the European union and thus there is no consistency in the ministry of works and transport for a certain procurement system and creating loopholes for unethical staff to embezzle money through means like defining specification to fit single contractors, substituting specified goods with inferior goods selective release of information to favor contractors, charge for skills below those specified which is causing poor quality being procured. . 3 Purpose of the Study The study is carried out in order to establish the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured. 1. 4 Objectives of the Study (i) To establish procurement procedure used/ followed under the ministry of works and transport. ii) To identify the cause of unethical conduct by procurement personnel in ministry of works and transport. iii) To assess the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of product procured. 1. 5 Research Question i) How are procurement procedures followed under the ministry of works and transport? i) What are the causes of un-ethical conduct in procurement in the ministry of works and transport? iii) What is the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured? 1. 6Scope of the Study The scope include three major areas that is; 1. 6. 1Time Scope: The research will be done between January to June 2011 and the research intends to concentrate on the literature published between 2000-2010 in order to identify the variable problems. 1. 6. 2Subject Scope: The study shall be done in the ministry of works and transport and shall concentrate within Kampala city. The people to be interviewed in the study are the employees of the ministry under the procurement department. The contextual scope of this study will focus on the impact of procurement ethics on quality of products procured. 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope: The study will be carried out in the ministry of Works and Transport in Kampala district plot 4/6 Entebbe Uganda. 18 Significance of the Study The research will be significance in the following ways: †¢ The study will help improve my skills and knowledge as a researcher in doing research. The study will also help improve the ministry of Works and Transport in appreciating procurement ethics and thus improving quality of product and services offered by the ministry. †¢ The research will also contribute knowledge as literature review to researchers interested in the same area of research. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction: This chapter deals with review of the related literature on the study of the variables specificall y procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector in Uganda. . 1Ethics Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity, It can also be described as the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principle (oxford dictionary 2001). Ethics can also be described as principle of conduct governing an individual or a profession. (Webster’s third new international dictionary) (According to Kenneth Lyson 2006) Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or groups, concern for what is right or wrong, good or bad. 2. 1. Procurement Ethics The main principle of procurement ethics are impartiality or objectivity, openness and full disclosure, confidentiality, due diligence, competence and duty of care, fidelity professional responsibility, avoiding potential or apparent conflict of interest. These can be characterized by accountability, responsiveness, professionalism, transparency, open competition, confiden tiality, non discrimination and fair play. (Kenneth Lyson 2006). 2. 2How Ethics is ensured in Public Procurement Ethics in the ministry of works and transport has been ensured through a put in place code of ethical conduct in business which must be signed by employees which is listed below 1. Employees shall not use their authority for personal gain and shall seek to uphold and uphold reputation of the Ugandan government. 2. Employees shall reveal any personal interest that may impinge or might be deemed by others to impinge on employee’s business dealing. 3. (i) Employee’s shall respect the confidentiality of information received in the course of business dealing and shall never use such information for personal gain. ii) Information given by employees in the course of business dealing shall be true and fair and not designed to mislead. 4. Employees shall avoid any business arrangement that might prevent effective operation of fair competitive. 5. Employees shall not accept business gifts from current or potential government suppliers. 6. Employees shall refrain from any business hospitality that might be viewed by others as having an influence in making a government business decision. public procurement and disposal of public asset authority act 2003) Also there deterrent measures put in place by the (public procurement and disposal authority act 2003)to ensure ethics are maintained in the government ministries like ministry of works and transport where in section 95 a list of offences are listed like colluding to commit fraudulent or corrupt act, exerting undue influence on any officer or employee, refusal to answer summons and on conviction one is liable to a fine of 250 currency point and each currency is worth 20,000 Uganda shillings or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 years or both. . 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 2. 3. 1Corruption One of the major factors that affect quality of products procured in the public sector is corruption; few activities create greater temptation or offer more opportunities for corruption than the public sector pro curement. Hardly a day will pass by without another major scandalous public procurement activity in the papers (Pope 2000). For example in the ministry of works and transport out of the 91 billion offered for construction of roads during the common wealth heads of government meeting 21 billion was lost due to corruption by the officers in the ministry (Parliamentary accounts committee report 2009). The main purpose of the procurement procedure is to ensure openness to all stakeholders involved in the procurement exercises. (Robert 1988) argues that corruption can be equated to the formulae = (M + D – A) where corruption equals to monopoly, discretion minus accountability. J M Ntayi 2009) on the other hand notes that corruption in least developed countries occurs when there is motive and opportunity, corruption is a crime of opportunity, the opportunity being institution inefficiencies. Corruption procurement is â€Å"grand† and at alarming levels, the integrity and ethics of procurement staff and those helping out with technical activities is highly questioned since they do not seem to adher e to any code of ethical conduct to guide there ethical responsibilities. According to (Wade 1995) corruption may increase transaction cost by 50%. A purchaser who wants violate the law has a couple of opportunities in his possession through which he can manipulate the process in a desired direction, these include arranging the composition of a tended in such a way that one may avoid the application of tendering procedures above the threshold and instead use simplified procedures including designing the technical specification or terms of reference to favor a certain product or service or to exclude potential bidders. Others are including the award criteria in tender evaluation which are completely irrelevant to the actual procurement and evidently discriminatory towards certain suppliers. Manipulation of the process can include using non- open tendering procedures such as restricted procedure or direct procurement , designing contract arrangement with obvious ambition to favor a certain suppliers, accepting false information and misleading documentation from bidders and manipulation of the decision making process (Westring and jadoun 2001). The (World Bank report 2000) rates public procurement as an area of government activity in which the risk of corruption are very high. The World Bank further asserts that to offer total solutions which would continue to deliver advantages and to be responsible to the future needs of clients the key strength lie in the skills and professionalism of staff. This requires the ability to gain a close understanding of the clients business through training and capacity building. It should be noted that corruption in procurement is not exclusive domain of the buyer who controls the purse strings but the supplier or contractor who makes an unsolidated offer can easily initiate it, corruption in procurement also takes form of tailoring specification to favor particular supplier restricting information about contracting opportunities and creating situations of emergencies and urgency so as to use single source bidding simultaneously supplier can corrupt the procurement process by colluding to fix bid prices offering bribes and interfering in the evaluation process and thus affecting quality of goods, works and supplies procured ( Pope 2000). The most frequent source of corruption public procurement takes the form of commissions paid or purchased items to officials in the procurement process. This practice threatens sound decision making by those involved in the procurement process for the higher commissions the better the opportunities of purchasing from the firm and thus affecting quality of goods, works and supplies (Vinold journal of trade 2001). The recipients of clandestine money in the case of government contracts are not only public officials but also members of parliament, political parties and their office bearer. The national laws allow such contributions provided the payment are disclosed and are made without expectation of favors, in practice however the business firms making such payments try to obtain assurances from the recipient that they would helped by persuading the government the take decisions that would benefit there companies (Vinold journal of world trade, 2001). The (Inspector general of government report 2005) further shows that there has been persistent flouting of the laid down procedures and guidelines by procuring entities. This has resulted into colossal loss of high sums of public funds and the procurement of goods, works and supplies that barely meet their intended objectives. 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest (According to Pope 2000) conflict of interest in procurement is the order of the day. This arises when people in the public sector are influenced by personal and financial consideration when doing their jobs thereby influencing their decisions. Decisions are made for the wrong reasons in favor of people to whom they are close thus impairing the objectivity and independence of their judgments on quality specifications. In procurement when handling a tender, all conflict should be noted recorded and the official involved should then exclude themselves from further involvement in the tender awarding decisions. (Pope 2000) further asserts that the procurement process should have clearly stated and well understood policies and procedures as well as written codes of conduct to deal with actual, potential and perceived conflict of interest. He is of the view that if a relative is unquestionably the best evaluated bidder they shall be awarded the tender if the correct procedure is followed. In the ministry of works and transport there is a precision for directing sourcing to favor one company supplying every time there is a conflict of interest either among the officers involved in procurement or when there is olitical pressure coming from above for example the ministry in 2007 opted to lease vehicles at a cost of 4. 17 billion shillings from motor care Uganda limited for use for a short period of times r ather than buying vehicles from motor spears at a cost of shillings 6 billion of which the vehicles would have been completely purchased by the ministry this was a result of cabinet ministers interest in the purchase of the goods (Parliamentary account committee report 2009) Leakage of information during the tendering process is a serious ethical procurement issue. This is where some officers leak information to their preferred bidder in advance of the advertisement and afford them an advantage in the preparation of bids. Celentani and Ganuza 1989) consider a procurement problem when potential bidder have private information about their production cost since the procurement agent is also in charge of verifying delivered quality in exchange for a bribe, they argue that the agent can allow an arbitrary firm to be awarded the realization of the project and to produce a quality level lower than announced. According to (Strombom 2001) government procurement contracts for construction pro ject such as airports deems and highways generate immense opportunities for bribes, kickbacks and other payoffs and this is the reason for the below par works done by the firms awarded the contracts. 2. 3. 3Donor Interest Donor interest sometimes hinders the best practices in procurement, in cases where donor favor firms from their own countries of origin even though there are other firms that can offer superior quality products. In cases of big construction and other contracts even after tenders are issued, pressure is applied by foreign government at a high political level for the contracts to be awarded to their companies it is common to hold out a promise for additional provisions of financial aid if the contract is awarded to them (Vinold journal of world trade, 2001). Procuring can conclude with contractors by omitting required advertisement or calling for bids with shortened bids submission periods. Splitting of contracts can be done to avoid exceeding threshold set by the tender boards. 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds The ( Inspector general of government report 2002) stipulates that the lack of funds on a timely basis from ministry of finance planning and economic development has also led to procurement malpractices procuring entities claim they cannot advertise tender when they are not sure of the availability of funds from the ministry of finance, planning and economic development so when the funds are received later procurement procedures are not followed in the acquisition of goods, works and services resulting in low quality of goods works and services purchased. Entities usually cite cash flow constraint and therefore end up splitting amount which would require different methods of purchasing, contract for such suppliers are usually renewed extended for much longer period these unethical practices are the reason why the government keeps on procuring low quality goods which do not meet their objectives as a result of lack of competition in the tendering process. 2. 4 Quality (International standard organization) ISO defines quality as the totality of feature and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs and they go ahead to give dimensions of quality as performance, reliability serviceability conformance durability aesthetics and perceives quality. 2. 4. 1Quality of Products (According to Garvin 2007) quality of a product procured can be seen through five approaches which are as follows: Transcendent approach; quality is absolute and universally recognizable. The oncept is closely related to com parison of product attributes and characteristics. Product based approach; quality is a precise and measurable variable in this approach difference in quality reflects difference in quality of some product characteristics. User based approach; quality is defined in terms of fitness for use or how well the product fulfills its intended functions. Manufacturing based approach; quality is conformance to specification that is targets and tolerance determined by product designers. Value based approach; quality is determined in terms of cost and prices, here a quality products one that provides performance at an acceptable price or conformance to an acceptable cost. Quality is therefore determined by balancing technical consideration such as fitness for use performance safety and reliability with economic factors including price and availability it is therefore the optimum quality for the application that should be sought rather than the highest quality. Quality of goods procured can be determined by if they meet technical specification, delivery, environmentally sound, quality assurance, and accuracy of documentation speed of response and customer service. 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality According to (Kelly and Male 2003) the following are the determinants of quality in purchasing Customer satisfaction; another benchmark for quality is the ability to meet customer expectation or even exceeds them. Conformance to specification; a product is be deemed to have high quality if it conform the specification spelt like design, size, color, weight. Product attributes: This is what leads to certain dimension of qualities for example performance, features, reliability, serviceability, durability safety and aesthetics. Budget cost; a product is deemed to be of quality if it is within cost and its performance is at an acceptable cost. Timing; product quality can also be determined by the time which it is delivered on, is it at the right time that was specified or has the product delivery been delayed. Leadership; how is the executive team and all the managers inspiring and ensuring total quality for continuous improvement in the organization. Goals/policy; how the companies goals and policies reflect the principle of total quality of products. 2. 4. Public Procurement and Effective Quality Products and Service Delivery. Effective procurement practices are defined as those systems offering a high level transparency, accountability and value for money. (Ministry of defense procurement handout, 2004). The principle aim of procurement should be to obtain goods and services of the right quality in the right quantity from the right source, delivered to the right place and at the least cost and price (Lyson 2000 Telgen 2007). Successful and efficient procurement practices are those that meet the need of customer’s achieve optimum condition and value in regard to allocating of scarce tax payers resources (J. M Ntayi 2009). The practice needs a labor force with effective management skills that develop clear and professional specifications with full knowledge of a competitive process negotiation and monitoring skill. (Hunja Steane et al 2003) continues to say that procurement system implemented with sound management practices in place ensure successful quality and service delivery to stakeholders. The sound practices demand that those responsible for implementing procurement should ensure that the objectives are clear and that quality is sustained (Walker and Sidwell 1996) continues to say performance quality should not be measure on the basis of time and cost only but also quality of product and services as well as other relevant measures. According to research done assessing competitive procurement procedures, findings indicate that it is a fact that competition in public procurement does improve efficiency and effectiveness. Competition is the tenet of a free market economy and it is the basis for cost effective purchasing quality and timeliness. It keeps providers on their toes it is an incentive for innovation improvement in quality and reduction in cost in improves proper allocation of government resources, high quality and timely procurement and budgetary saving. (Lemke 2003) 2. 5Public Procurement Acquisition by purchase, rental, lease, hire purchase, license, tenancy franchise or any other contractual means of goods or services by the government. (Telgen 1998). 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of Work and Transport Public procurement is a powerful instrument for the transformation and realization of social economic goals and open and competitive public procurement and contracting procedure begins with the government description of its requirement and initiation of suppliers to indicate their interest in the contract and there professional capacity to fulfill it. (Sigma policy brief 2000). The government identifies potential suppliers and invites them to submit bids. The process must ensure that supplier can infarct meet the specification of product quality, delivery dates and continuity. After the bidding phase most procurement system require a public declaration of competitors names and bid price of the successful bidder (Sigma policy brief 2000). The procurement cycle is often high complex process. There is a series of closely interrelated activities between the initial identification of needs and the final delivery of quality product and services which requires coordination and quality control to achieve the best value. However this can be undermined by unethical practices by the officers in the procuring entity. (Westing and jadoun 1996) Effective procurement is considered to be a key strategic management tool in driving down cost and improving operational efficiency while ineffective procurement wastes money resources and time (Westing and Jadoun 1996). 2. 5. 2Procurement Cycle in the Ministry of Works and Transport The following are the procurement procedures that are followed in the ministry of works and transport as per the guidelines issued by the (public procurement and disposal of public assets authority 2003). ) Procurement plan and budget: this procedure is undertaken by the user department, procurement unit, board/ council and the accounting officer. b) Procurement requisition: This is the responsibility of the user department c) Confirmation of available funds; the accounting officer is the one to undertake the function. d) Review of specification, procurement methods; potential supply market procurement method evaluation criteria and potential supply market. This is the duty of the procurement unit and the user department. e) Procurement methods approval; is the responsibilities of the contracts committee. f) Preparation of bidding documents; this roles is played by the procurement unit. ) Approval of bidding documents ;This role is played by the contracts committee h) Advertisement and invitation of bids; the advertisement is done by the procurement unit and it should be in a newspaper of wide circulation. i) Receipt and opening of bids this is the procedure is undertaken by the procurement unit but it must be done in front of bidders. j) Evaluation of bids; the evaluation of bids is the role of the procurement unit and the user department which will provide technical inputs. k) Review of evaluation report ;this is the responsibility of the contracts committee l) Award of contract; this is the responsibility of the contracts committee.. ) Signing of contract, communication of awards, administrative review; this is the work of the accounting officer he does this on behalf of all the members of procuring disposing entity. n) Contract management and monitoring; the responsibilities of contract management and monitoring fall to the user department and procurement unit the user department shall report any departure from the contract by bidders. o) Contract performance evaluation and report; the duties will be performed by the user department and the procurement unit. 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of Works and Transport The following are some of the methods of procurement that are used in the ministry of works and transport to ensure quality products are purchased Open domestic bidding; this method is open to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertisement of procurement or disposal opportunity. Open international bidding; this method is open to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertisement of the procurement disposal activity and which specifically seeks to attract foreign providers. Restricted domestic bidding; is the procurement or disposal method where bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement. Restricted international bidding; is the procurement or disposal procedure where bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement and the invited bidders include foreign providers. Quotations and proposals are simplified procurement and disposal method which compare price quotation obtained from a number of providers. Direct procurement is a sole source procurement disposal method which shall be used for very low value requirement. Micro procurement this method is used for very low value procurement requirement. The above methods are recommended by the (public procurement and disposal authority act 2003). According to J M Ntayi (2009) the continuing preference by the ministry of works and transport for direct procurement and micro procurement has hindered competition and thus affecting quality of products and resulting in increased cost. 2. 6Effects of Unethical Procurement According to the parliamentary account committee on common wealth heads of government meeting report 2009)The following are some of the effects of unethical procurement – Poor quality of materials purchased. – There will be inflated prices. – Loss of government funds. â €“ Slows down economic in economic development of a country. 2. 7Conclusion: In conclusion, the ministry of works and transport is falling behind in implementing effective procurement of quality product as a result of increasing discriminatory and non transparent means of procurement that do not favor accountability this was highlighted in the research by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) titled public procurement reforms in developing countries. According to them public procurement and disposal of public assets authority act (PPDA ACT 2003) gives the organization the mandate for the following functions advisory, data management, capacity building and audit function so as to improve good governance fight corruption and promote economic development and thus make key changes in procurement in Uganda and thus helping improve government function in the statutory bodies, central government and local government, However the organization is not autonomous enough to ensure implementation.. CHAPTER THREE Introduction: This chapter discusses how the study will be carried out. It discusses the research design the sampling design, sources of the data, data collection methods, tools, data processing, analysis, and presentation. 3. 1 Research Design The design used will be cross section study where data will be gathered just once over a period of time in the ministry of works and transport ranging from the period (2000-2010). The research will use descriptive research design which describes the phenomenon it will be undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The research sought to explain the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the ministry of works and transport. 3. 2 Survey Population The survey population will include the management and employees of the purchasing function and firms offering technical expertise to the purchasing function, the survey population were of 60 people. 3. 3 Sampling Design Purposive and simple random sampling without replacement will be used. 3. 3. Sampling Size The sample size using the krejcie and Morgan (1970) method will be of 37 members, where the sample will be from the ministry of works and transport and consultant firms offering technical expertise. Table 1: Showing Sample Size |Sample group |Sample size | |Procurement office |25 | |Technical experts |12 | |Total |37 | Source: primary data. 3. Source of Data 3. 4. 1Primary Data Primary data will be obtained from the ministry of works and transport through the use of interviews and questionnaires. 3. 4. 2Secondary Data Secondary data will be obtained from the already existing information both internal sources which are found within the organization and external sources were collected from publication and journals. 3. 5Data Collection Methods 3. 5. 1Observation The researcher intends to use none controlled non participant observation where the researcher will not participate and will watch everything from a distance while watching the researcher will be noting down the phenomenon. 3. 5. 2Survey This will be done through collecting information about the variables that is procurement ethics and the quality of products procured in the ministry of works and transport and technical experts in the sample. 3. 6Data Collection Instrument 3. 6. 1Questionnaire Semi structured questionnaires will be distributed to respondents who will be given time to answer them and return them for solving and analyzing by the researcher. 3. 6. 2Documentary review Secondary data will be obtained from reading already existing notes and taking notes of materials that is related to the research and a conclusion was reached from them. 3. 6. 3Interview guide, Informal interviews will be conducted using open ended questions the interview guide will help the researcher to carry out dialogue that is meaningful. 3. Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 3. 7. 1Data processing. The researchers after gathering the data will edit code classify and tabulate the data. 3. 7. 2Data analysis. The researcher will u se computer programs like Microsoft excel and (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences. This will result in computation of certain measures finding the relationships transforming and modeling data in order to highlight useful information. 3. 7. 3 Data presentation. The researcher will put the results of the research into graphs charts and tables into visual way of looking of data. CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION Introduction: This chapter presents analysis done in relation to the study objectives and research questions in chapter one, of this report under the topic procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector case study of ministry of public works and transport. 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Table 2: Showing response rate of respondents |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Actual response |33 |89. 2 | |Non response |4 |10. 8 | |Total questionnaires issued |37 |100 | Source primary data: Table 2: According to Table 2 above it shows that out of the questionnaires issued the number of response was 89. % which is a good response rate which one can depend on to make conclusion and recommendation and the non response was 10. 8% Table 3: Showing the age of the respondents |Age |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |20-29 |13 |39. 4 | |30-39 |8 |24. 2 | |40-49 |6 |18. 2 | |50 and above |6 |18. 2 | |Total |23 |100 | Source: primary data Most respondents were in the age group 20-29 comprising 39. 4 % followed by age bracket 30-39 with 24. 2% with the age bracket 40-49 and 50 and above both comprising 18. 2% this implies that most of the employees are aged 40 years and below. Chart 1: Showing gender of the respondents [pic] Source: primary data According to chart 1 above most of the respondents were male comprising 57. 5% and only 42. 5% of the respondents were female this implies more males are employed than females. Table 4: Showing the Level of Education |Level of education |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Certificate |3 |9. | |Diploma |9 |27. 3 | |Degree |14 |42. 4 | |Post graduate |6 |18. 2 | |Others |1 |3 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 4 above the level of education was found to be as follows those holding a certificate in procurement were 9. 1%, 27. % of the respondents were diploma holders while majority of the respondents were degree holders 42. 4% with 18. 2% being post graduates while 3% w ere holding other qualification Table 5: Showing Marital status |Marital status |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Single |14 |42. 5 | |Married |18 |54. 5 | |Widowed or divorced |1 |3. 0 | |Total |33 |100. 0 | Source: primary data From the above table 42. % of the respondents were single while 54. 5% are married with 3% being widowed or divorced this shows that most employees working for the organization are married. Table 6: Showing how long one has worked for the Organization |Number of years worked |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Below 5 years |14 |42. 4 | |Between 5 and 10 years |11 |33. 3 | |Between 11 and 15 years |5 |15. 2 | |Above 15 years |3 |9. | |Total |33 |100. 0 | Source: primary data From the above table showing the number of years the respondents has worked for the organization 42. 4% have worked there for below 5 years, 33. 3% have worked for the organization between 5 and 10 years and 15. 2% have worked for the ministry between 11 and 15 years while 9. 1 % of the responden ts have worked for the organization above 15 years. 62 Findings on how products are purchased in the organization Chart 2: Findings if purchase requisition used are from the user unit [pic] Source: Primary data From chart 2 above it indicates that 36. % of the respondents strongly agreed that purchase requisition from user units are used, 45. 5%agree that purchase requisition from user units are used while 6. 1% are not sure with 12. 1% disagreeing that requisition from user units are used while none of the respondents disagreed this means that purchase requisitions are used. Table 7: showing whether purchase requisition are handled on time |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |2 |6. 1 | |Agree |13 |39. | |Not sure |8 |24. 2 | |Disagree |7 |21. 2 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 7 above 6. 1% strongly agree there is handling of requisition on time while 39. 4% agree that requisitions are handled on time 24. 2% are no t sure whether requisition are handled on time while 21. 2 disagrees with 9. strongly disagreeing this means that purchase requisitions are not handled on time Chart 3: Showing whether PPDA procedure is followed [pic] Source primary data From chart 3 above 21. 2% strongly agree that PPDA procedure are followed 42. 4% agree that PPDA procedures are followed 12. 7 % are not sure whether PPDA procedure is adhered to with 21. 2% disagreeing that PPDA procedures are followed while 30% strongly disagreeing with the statement this implies that PPDA procedure are followed Table 8: Showing whether procedures followed helps in procuring quality products |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |11 |33. | |Agree |15 |45. 4 | |Not sure |6 |18. 2 | |Disagree |1 |9. 1 | |Strongly disagree |0 |0 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data According to table 8 above 33. 3 % of the respondents strongly agree that procurement procedure followed result in procuring of quality goods with 45. 4% agreeing also, 18. % of the respondents are not sure whether the procedures followed results in procuring quality goods while 9. 1 % disagree with none of the respondents strongly disagreeing this implies that the procedure followed results in procuring quality products. Table 9: Showing whether products procured are of quality |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |9 |27. 3 | |Agree |13 |39. 3 | |Not sure |6 |18. | |Disagree |4 |18. 2 | |Strongly disagree |1 |3. 0 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From the findings in table 9 above27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that products procured are of quality,39. 3% also agree that the products procured are of quality while 18. 2% are not sure 12. 7% of the respondents disagree goods procured are of quality while 3. 0% strongly disagree. Most employee’s think that me reason goods, being procured now are now are of quality is because of the PPDA procedure’s put in place this implies that products procured are of quality. 4. 3 Findings on causes of unethical practice in procurement Chart 4: Showing relationship between ethics and procurement [pic] Source: primary data The presentation from chart 4 above shows that there is a relationship between ethics and procurement because 91% of the respond agreed with the statement while 9% stated that there is no relationship, They gave the main reason being that that an ethical person is willing always to conducts himself in a moral way and this guides procurement. Ethics was defined by many as a discipline governing conduct in on organization. Table 10: showing whether weak enforcement measure of procurement law contributes to unethical practice |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |9 |27. 3 | |Agree |14 |42. 4 | |Not sure |2 |6. 0 | |Disagree |4 |12. 1 | |Strongly disagree |4 |12. | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data According to the results of table 10 above 27. 3% of the respondents thought that weak enforcement measure of the law contributed to unethical practices with 42. 4% agreeing while 6. 0% were not sure 12. 1% disagreed and 12. 1% strongly disagreed this indicates that weak enforcement measures of the law contributes to unethical practices. Table 11: Showing whether moral degradation in the society is a cause of unethical conducts |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |8 |24. | |Agree |10 |30. 3 | |Not sure |7 |21. 2 | |Disagree |5 |15. 2 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data Results from table 11 above shows that 24. 2% of the population st rongly agreed that moral degradation in the society causes unethical conduct with 30. % agreeing while 21. 2% were not sure with 21. 2 disagreeing that moral degradation in society causes unethical conduct and 9. 1% strongly disagreed this means that the respondents agree that moral degradation of the society contributes to unethical conduct. Chart 5: Showing how low pay has contributed to unethical practices. [pic] Source: primary data According to the presentation in chart 5 above, 45. 5% of the respondents agreed that low pay has contributed to unethical practices with 15. 1% not being sure and 9. 1% disagreeing non of the respondent strongly disagreed that low pay does not cause unethical practices this indicates that 90. % of the respondents agree that low pay contributes to unethical practices. Table 12: Showing whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical conduct by staff |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |10 |30. 3 | |Agree |10 |30. 3 | |Not sure |4 |12. 1 | |Disagree |6 |18. | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: Primary data According to the results in table 12 above, 30. 3% of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical practice of employees with 30. 3% also agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 18. 2% disagreed that unethical practice of leader contributes to unethical practice of employees while 9. 1% strongly disagreed this gives the implication that conduct of bidder can affect the conduct of procurement staff. Some of unethical practices cited by the respondents include corruption, favoritism, fraud, extortion and sexual harassment, bribery with the respondents citing greed, low payment, and lack of effective reporting system as the main causes of unethical practices 4. 4Findings on the relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured Chart 6: Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured [pic] Source: Primary Data Most of the respondents from the findings of chart 6 above agreed that there is a relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured comprising 94% while 6% stated that there was no relationship. According to the respondents when one is ethical it results to award of bids to best evaluated bidders and that the procurement procedures will be adhered to resulting to procurement of quality goods Table 13: showing whether the organization code of ethics contributes to quality products being procured |Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |9 |27. 3 | |Agree |11 |33. 3 | |Not sure |6 |18. 2 | |Disagree |4 |12. 1 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 13 above, 27. 3% strongly agree that the organization code of ethics contribute to quality products being produced with 33. 3% agreeing while 18. 2% of the respondents were not sure, 12. 1% of the respondents disagree that the organization code of ethics has contributed to procuring of quality products with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies that organization code of ethics contributes to procurement of quality products. Table 14: showing whether suppliers meet organization specification of quality products Response |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |Strongly agree |7 |21. 2 | |Agree |14 |42. 4 | |Not sure |4 |12. 1 | |Disagree |5 |15. 2 | |Strongly disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source primary data The results in table 14 show that 42. 4 % of the respondents agree that suppliers meet organization specification with 21. 2% strongly agreeing while 12. 1% are not sure. 15. 2% of the respondents disagree that suppliers meet organization specification with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this indicates that suppliers meet specification Table 15: showing whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement poor quality products. |Response |Frequency |Percentage % | |Strongly agree |10 |30. | |Agree |14 |42. 4 | |Not sure |4 |12. 1 | |Disagree |3 |9. 1 | |Strongly disagree |2 |6. 1 | |Total |33 |100 | Source: primary data From table 15 above 30. % of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of staff have resulted in procurement of poor quality products with 42. 4% agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 9. 1% of the respondents disagreed that unethical practice of employees does not lead to procurement of poor quality products with 9. 1 strongly disagreeing this mean s that unethical practice of staff contributes to procuring poor quality products. Chart 7: showing whether organization have a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. [pic] Source primary data: According to the presentation in chart 7 above 27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that the organization has a means of checking unethical practice with 48. 5% agreeing, 6. % of the respondents are not sure. With 12. 1% of the respondents disagreeing that the organization has a means of checking unethical conduct of employees with 12. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies the organization has means of checking unethical practice of employees. 4. 5Ethics in the Organization An interview with the employees of the procurement Department in the Ministry of Works and Transport (MOWT) the researcher found out that the PPDA act and regulation section 49 and 87 respectively How to cite Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda, Papers

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Question: Discuss about the Corporate Responsibility Ethics. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility or CSR is a modern corporate approach which focuses on gaining sustainable development by providing economic, environmental and social to various stakeholders of the corporation. By implementing CSR mechanism, a corporation can ensure that all the transaction will be conducted ethically and organisation will work according to the interest of its stakeholders. CSR strategy is focused on performing the duties of a company as a corporate citizen instead of just focusing on the revenues. Most of the multinational organisations implement a CSR approach while dealing in foreign countries. The popularity of CSR strategy has grown but there is still lack of strict regulations to implement the policies of the corporation. Many organisations implement a CSR strategy but failed to comply accordingly. This essay will discuss the benefits and shortcoming of CSR policies and effect of CSR strategy corporations. Further, the essay will analyse the CSR influence from the perspective of various organisations and evaluate the theories of market experts. Merits and Shortcomings of CSR Strategy The concept of corporate social responsibility has grown in previous few years. A large number of organisations have implemented CSR policies in their business model for the sustainable development of their stakeholders. According to Galbreath (2010), the effective CSR strategies adopted by organisation ensure that the activities of a company are based upon developing various stakeholders such as customers, environment, supplier, and shareholders. CSR strategy is self-regulated by the corporations and they can adopt policies according to the requirement of their organisation. Many companies misuse the policies of CSR strategy to gain an unfair advantage. The influence of government has reduced with the increase in the number of corporations. The implementation of CSR policies can assist in the development of a corporation. The recruitment and retention process of organisations is benefited by implementing a strict CSR policy. Crane, Matten and Spence (2013) provided that the International corporations require hiring the talented employees from worldwide and effective CSR policies assist them in achieving such objective. Most multinational corporatism such as Google, Facebook, Apple or Toyota implements an effective CSR policy toward the development of their employees. The organisations provide various benefits and incentives to their employees along with self-development programs. A study provided that employees prefer to work for corporations with effective CSR policies. For example, Google has implemented an effective CSR policy which has gained the title of best place to work many times. A Google employee gets various incentives such as scholarships for further studies, time to work on private assignments, annual facility vacations and much more. Other than these benefits, Google focus maintains var ious environmental provisions which reduce their carbon footprint and preserve the environment (Hansen et al. 2011). By implementing a CSR strategy in the business model, an organisation can enhance their reputation in the market. As per Mishra and Suar (2010), people consider corporations with strict CSR policy as reputable organisations who ensure the sustainable development of their stakeholders. The CSR policies ensure that steps taken by an organisation are for the improvement of its stakeholders which increases the reputation of a company. For example, Apple is one of the worlds most reputable corporations. Apple ensures that their products are safe for the environment and they perform various activities for the societys development. Apple uses 100 percent natural energy to power their factories and data centers, the material used by their in the manufacturing process are also recyclable. This method ensures the protection of the environment and at the same time, it helps Apple sustain their future growth. As per Ruggie (2017), CSR strategy adopted by organisations requires compliance with various guidelines, one of which includes proper and timely disclosure of business transactions. The investor prefers the disclosure made by the company since it assists them in analysing the performance of the corporation. The timely disclosures also ensure that the money invested by financiers are utilised by the corporation is the correct way. Therefore, an effective CSR strategy enhances the amount of investment in a corporation. Most of the people in developing countries prefer to use products which are environmentally friendly. According to Jackson and Apostolakou (2010), corporations can charge a high price for same products if they implement the environmental friendly procedure in their manufacturing process. Starbucks is known for their high-quality coffee which produced by corporations only form ethical sources. A study provides that a maximum number of online customers prefer to buy products form corporations with better environmental protection policies. Therefore, CSR policies regarding preservation of environmental resources can increase the sale of an organisation. The CSR strategy has gained popularity in developed markets but most small and medium scale corporations avoid implementing the strategy in their business model due to its shortcomings. Aras, Aybars and Kutlu (2010) provided that the main difficulty of CSR policy is that it increases the expenditure of an organisation. The incentive of employees and the environmental friendly procedures cost significantly higher than compared to other sources. Large corporations such as Apple or Google can afford the high expenditures but smaller corporations avoid the expenditures. For the environmental friendly procedure, corporations require to completely change their manufacturing and selling procedure. The complete overhaul of procedures can be significantly expensive of organisations which can reduce their revenues. For example, Volkswagen uses highly pollutant material in their cars to reduce their costs. Such material increases the pollution from Volkswagen vehicles. The primary objective of companies is to increase its profits and shareholders value, but CSR policies shift such object to stakeholder interest. According to Chih, Chih and Chen (2010), CSR strategy requires the organisation to provide benefits to society and stakeholders which is not beneficial for shareholders value. If the corporations focus on providing benefit to stakeholders than their market share reduces considerably. CSR policies can hinder the companys success because they would not be able to engage in the profit-making activities. The number of companies shareholder can also decrease since their interest is not the first objective of the organisation. The disclosures made by a corporation can be detrimental to the success of a company. Regular disclosure can frustrate the board of directors of the organisation. As per Dhaliwal et al. (2012), the information can be used by competitors of the company to formulate competitive strategies against the company. The disclosures also provide information regarding the drawback of corporation products to the customers, which can reduce the reputation of the organisation. For example, if a company discloses information regarding the pollutant material used by them or the shortcoming of their products, customers will not purchase such products. Such information can eventually reduce the organisations market share. The popularity of CSR strategy has grown mostly in developed countries, customers in such countries live a high-class lifestyle, therefore, they can afford high price products. Horrigan (2010) provided in his book that in case of developing and underdeveloped countries, the demand for high quality and environmentally friendly products are not significant. The maximum number of customers lives in such countries, therefore, it is difficult for corporations to increase the rate of their products. To increase their market shares, companies reduce their prices by avoiding the CSR policies. For example, Starbucks enter into a joint venture with Indian company Tata to reduce their process while entering in the Indian market. Due to the lack of legal regulations, the strict implementation of CSR policies is difficult for government. As per Kanji and Chopra (2010), international corporations use their resources to avoid implementation of CSR policies for augmentation of their profits. Many reputable corporations have found guilty of breaching their CSR policies to increase their revenues. For example, in 2014, various large corporations such as Facebook, Amazon, and Starbucks found guilty of tax evasion by using their properties in the United Kingdom. HSBC bank has also found guilty of breaching their CSR policies by disclosing wrong information regarding their market valuation. The company also assists their rich clients by letting them evade tax through the bank (Lanis and Richardson, 2012). The above-methodized incidences show the necessity of strict regulations regarding CSR strategy. As per Kolk and Pinkse (2010), by implementing effective CSR policies corporations can avoid fraud or abuse of their position. The government is required to pass legislative policies regarding CSR strategy and introduce a strict penalty for its breach. For the preservation of environmental resources, corporations in developing or underdeveloped countries should also apply environmental effective CSR policies. Global implementation of CSR strategy can benefit the society and corporation by sustaining their future growth. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that the concept of CSR strategy has benefited various sections of society. The advantage of CSR policies benefits not only the company and its stakeholders but overall society too. It is necessary that organisations analyse their working environment to implement an effective CSR strategy. Many corporations misuse their CSR policies to gain profits; therefore, the government should provide new regulations which enforce the proper implementation of CSR policies. The awareness regarding the benefits of CSR strategy should be spread between small and medium enterprises. Effective CSR strategy benefits society and environment which should be mandatory for all the corporations worldwide. References Aras, G., Aybars, A. and Kutlu, O., 2010. Managing corporate performance: Investigating the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance in emerging markets.International Journal of productivity and Performance management,59(3), pp.229-254. Chih, H.L., Chih, H.H. and Chen, T.Y., 2010. On the determinants of corporate social responsibility: International evidence on the financial industry.Journal of Business Ethics,93(1), pp.115-135. Crane, A., Matten, D. and Spence, L.J., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in a global context. Dhaliwal, D.S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2012. Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.723-759. Galbreath, J., 2010. How does corporate social responsibility benefit firms? Evidence from Australia.European Business Review,22(4), pp.411-431. Hansen, S.D., Dunford, B.B., Boss, A.D., Boss, R.W. and Angermeier, I., 2011. Corporate social responsibility and the benefits of employee trust: A cross-disciplinary perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,102(1), pp.29-45. Horrigan, B., 2010.Corporate social responsibility in the 21st century: Debates, models and practices across government, law and business. Edward Elgar Publishing. Jackson, G. and Apostolakou, A., 2010. Corporate social responsibility in Western Europe: an institutional mirror or substitute?.Journal of Business Ethics,94(3), pp.371-394. Kanji, G.K. and Chopra, P.K., 2010. Corporate social responsibility in a global economy.Total Quality Management,21(2), pp.119-143. Kolk, A. and Pinkse, J., 2010. The integration of corporate governance in corporate social responsibility disclosures.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,17(1), pp.15-26. Lanis, R. and Richardson, G., 2012. Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy theory.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,26(1), pp.75-100. Mishra, S. and Suar, D., 2010. Does corporate social responsibility influence firm performance of Indian companies?.Journal of business ethics,95(4), pp.571-601. Ruggie, J.G., 2017. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Global Compact1.Business, Capitalism and Corporate Citizenship: A Collection of Seminal Essays.

Holocaust Report Essays - Responsibility For The Holocaust

Holocaust Report The Holocaust Sitting here, I watch the guard patrol the fence like a wolf waiting to pounce on its prey. The stench of burning flesh is in the air. I can't see anything past the barb wire in the distance. I can only see soldiers in the main yard of the compound. To the right of me, I spot a group of people who are lined up to go into a building covered with camouflage. The soldiers are yelling ?shnel, shnel? as they herd the people into the building like a group of cattle. In the back of this building I see a cloud of smoke rising into the dark sky. Some people say that once the soldiers take you there, you never come back. They say the smoke you see is not really smoke, it is the souls of the people that have disappeared in there. There are many people here that I have never seen before. They all look so different. Some still have meat on their bones, some look like a rack of bones. These soldiers do not feed us often. Only on certain days do they let us out of the permanent shelter that we are in. I feel like I have no energy, and I have not eaten in days. I wonder if I will I ever live through this. This is what Jewish people and Gypsies had to go through in World War 2. They were persecuted by Hitler's army of Nazis. These people did not harm anyone, but Hitler felt they threatened the new Germany he was building. Hitler blamed them for the economic hardship they were going through. Just because they were Jewish, they were sought out and put into concentration camps. These people were brought to these camps to be eliminated. If you did not meet the criteria for the ?New Germany?, then you would be eliminated. How can someone just forget about what happened back then? To me, that is not easy to forget about. I think you must study past atrocities to understand our own times. The world let it happen once, and that is enough. We should learn from our mistakes and apply that to the future. If we focus on what is going on now, and not learning what went on in the past, we can English Essays

Police use of Racial Profiling Essays

Police use of Racial Profiling Essays Police use of Racial Profiling Paper Police use of Racial Profiling Paper I disagree with the vast majority, because I think the use of race in deciding whom to treat as a suspect is Just one of many factors in a police officers decision. According to Nadia Karee Nettle Racial profiling is a form of discrimination by which law enforcement uses a persons race or cultural background as the primary reason to suspect that the individual has broken the law (Para. 1). Others that oppose this view say that it is racist to consider race as a factor in any situation because it is treating a person of one race differently than a person of another race. Law enforcement considering the race of an individual is viewed as a violation of a persons right to equality under the law. And this violation is very accurate if and only if the race is the only factor being considered when suspecting an individual otherwise it is Just another observation about the situation that the law enforcement officer makes. Racial profiling is normally associated with racism even though the act of racial profiling is not inherently racist. According to Randall Kennedy (1999) racial profiling is not necessarily evil or immoral, but it is the use of facts and the environment that make a police officer use race as a factor in deciding whether or not to be suspicious of a certain person (Para. 6). An example of using many factors to identify a suspect would be when a Kansas City DEAD officer stopped a young black man who was acting in suspicious ways in an airport, and information regarding the local area said that gangs of young black men have been moving drugs into the area through major transportation hubs such as the airport (Kennedy, 1999, Para. 1). With the information the agent was given he was able to make an educated guess as to whether or not the young man was worth any more of his attention. When that young man was detained it was discovered that he did indeed have illegal substances on him with the intent to transport it. This situation is a great example of how the police use context clues and piece together a bigger picture using many factors, and one of those factors happens to be race. The Department of Justice fact sheet on racial profiling (2003) states that racial profiling is considered acceptable to use in order to identify terrorists (p. 5). It is considered acceptable to use race in order to narrow a search field so that the chances of finding a terrorist are even greater. This would make sense of why random searches are not actually random, but there is a set of factors that come into play not saying that every random search has a purpose, but it would be pointless to randomly search a 10 year old girl caring a teddy bear with her pregnant mother. Even a federal agency has acknowledged that in order to narrow a search field the use of race as a factor is acceptable. Just because race is used to help narrow a suspect field does not mean racial profiling is racist. Police encounter accusations of racism every day and that is because police have Jobs that require hem to deal with all kinds of people for hours on end, and those people are of all different types of races. Police officers stop people all day long and one of the many ways they do that is with a traffic stop. Police are always in danger because the Job is a dangerous one, but traffic stops are one of the most dangerous occasions that a police officer encounters, because the person the officer Just stopped is a complete stranger and the officer has no idea what is inside the car or if the person has a weapon. It is one of the few occasions where an officer is likely to have zero idea of hat he or she is walking into. Since there is such a big danger with traffic stops the officer must use every piece of information that can be gathered, one of which would be the race of the driver. According to Vito Walsh (2008) when officers go to the police academy to learn to become a police officer they are taught how to identify odd behavior and driving activities as criminal behavior ( p. 91). Police can use intuition and experience to make a decision about a situation. For example if an area has a high rate of Latino Americans participating in illegal immigration a police officer will be more suspicious of a windowless van driving around following every road law to the finest detail with a Latino American driving than he/she would be of a minivan with a 35 year old white female driving. It would be the logical decision to pull over the windowless van because all of the clues point to that being the more likely option, because all of the information the police officer has about the area, and his training tell him that the windowless van would pose a more likely candidate for transporting illegal immigrants. Police discretion involves reasonable suspicion and probable cause. Probable cause Exists when facts and circumstances within a police officers knowledge, which are based on reasonably trustworthy information, are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed by the person being arrested (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 207). The courts system of the United States places discretionary power in the hands of the police and these two terms are deeply rooted in the way police operate when they approach any situation. One of the tools of discretion police officers have is reasonable suspicion, and it is defined as the Objective facts and logical conclusions given a specific set of circumstances (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 208). Reasonable suspicion is a very good representation of how the police are told to observe facts and make logical conclusions about every situation. Establishing reasonable suspicion is a tough Job though because it needs to be backed up in court if it makes it that far. The situations where reasonable suspicion is most applicable would be with a stop and frisk. As mentioned below the court case Terry v. Ohio established reasonable suspicion as enough to stop an individual and frisk them. Seeing as how reasonable suspicion is based on objective facts and logical conclusions then the law views anything that makes coming to a logical conclusion using objective facts, such as race, perfectly acceptable for police officers use (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 208). The police are given many powers by the people of the United States in order to serve and protect the public. One of those powers is a terry stop this is the result of a supreme court case know as Terry v. Ohio. This case gives the police power to stop somebody as long as the officer has reasonable suspicion of criminal behavior. They are also allowed to frisk the individual, but only if the officer has reason to believe the individual poses a threat to the officer or other citizens (Nubian Thompson, 1968, p. 33) Although the action that the court has approved is at its heart not racist, because the United States legal system views everyone equally, that doesnt stop some police officers from abusing it and choosing to make racist decisions. In this aspect we trust the police to use their discretion and actually make an unbiased decision that is best for the protection of everybodys rights. The police are given a very large amount of discretion in terms of how they treat people and a pproach situations. We trust them to follow the law and protect everyones freedoms, but there will always be people that abuse the power that is given to them. Stop and frisk policies have become a hot button issue because it leaves the choice of whom to stop and frisk up to the police office. There was a situation in New York city where mayor Michael R. Bloomberg enacted a law giving the police the power to stop anyone if the police officer reasonably suspects he or she is in danger (NYC Criminal Procedure, 2014). According to Mayor Bloomberg in a Huffing Post article (2013) Ninety percent of all people killed in our city -? and 90 percent of all those who commit the murders and other violent crimes -? are black and Hispanic (Para. ). The reason for the majority of people being stopped belonging to a minority is because the areas where the police officers are sent to are areas where a large number of minorities live and the crime rate is really high, and the city feels that it would be more effective to apply police to these high crime areas (Bloomberg, 2013, Para. 2-8). The results are eradicable if this is the case. The only logical conc lusion is that more African Americans, Latino, and other minorities will be stopped and frisked if more police are sent to areas with a high population of minorities. The police are not sent to these areas because of the minorities in the area, but instead they are sent there because of the high crime rates with the intent of lowering that high crime rate and making those areas safer for the innocent residents who are victimized by the criminals that do live in the area. Since there is a lot of discretion given to police officers there are always those few officers that abuse the power given to them and end up making decisions such as whom to stop and frisk based entirely on the race of the individual. Those police officers actions are wrong and not the type of racial profiling that is acceptable. Officers that do use race as a sole factor in determining a suspect cannot properly call their actions racial profiling, but instead those actions should be considered acts of racism. Racist behavior is not tolerated in law enforcement because that would be bringing personal biases into the work place and hat would compromise the individual officers ability to make an unbiased decision. Racist decisions have no place in law enforcement because they create a situation where the eyes of the law do not view someone as equal, but instead are viewed as lesser than other human beings. Police officers who make racist decisions have no place in law enforcement and they are the few that tarnish the reputation of the many. It was previously mentioned that there are many factors leading into a police officer making his/her decision to treat someone as a suspect or not. The police use sat experiences as well as their training in order to identify a suspect using many factors. The environment that the officer is in, including the characteristics and crime rates of the neighborhood plays a part in his/her decision making process. Another group of factors that the police take into consideration is the characteristics of the person being looking at. Factors such as gender, age, and the size to formulate a profile of this individual and decide whether or not to be suspicious of the individual being observed (Albert, Bennett, Dunham, ; Stressing, 2005, p. 369). If the arson of interest is in a neighborhood with a high crime rate and there have been past occurrences of violence towards police officers, then the officer in the area will be more likely to treat everyone with more suspicion. Also if the individual in question is a young Japanese man dressed in a gang outfit in a neighborhood known for its connection to the Japanese mafia then the police officer will take interest in that person, and possibly pursue or stop him. The factors involved in a police officers decisions are a lot more complex than we think, because police look at the environment and the individual both at the same time. Sometimes the complicated line of decision making police officers use may lead the public to make blanket perception about all members of law enforcement. The main reason that citizens disagree with racial profiling is that the public view it as racist and therefore an unfavorable action. Those who oppose racial profiling claim it is racist to use race as a factor at all in deciding to treat someone as a suspect. I disagree with that statement, because the police use race as an aid to help them make a more precise decision about the person they suspect of a crime. There is statistical evidence Enid officers choice to suspect one race over another while investigating a crime. According to the Bis Uniform Crime Report in table AAA (2011) there are crimes that are more common among certain races of people like how 65% of the people arrested for forcible rape were white, and 55. 6% of arrests for robbery were African Americans (FBI). Also in the same report shows that 72. 9% of arson arrests are of someone who is white, and 86. 7% of arrests for gambling are African American (FBI). These statistics go to show that there are indeed certain racial groups of people that commit certain rimes more than others. These particular tables are of national data so the exact numbers vary in every local area so the officers in their respective precincts react differently to the data they collect. Data gathered through research influences something known as the police subculture, because the police react to new crime patterns and those are created using statistical evidence. The police subculture can be described as the shared values, attitudes, and norms created within the occupational and organizational environment of policing (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 8). Police adopt a whole new view of the world whenever they start their Jobs, and they all adopt a similar if not exactly the same view. The reason this subculture would play such a huge role in all the factors a police officer uses to decide whom to suspect is because the police are always in danger with their line of work and they need every single tool at their disposal in order to protect themselves and other innocent civilians. Due to this subculture that all police become part of, the police in general view every citizen as a possible threat and danger to the public, and homeless, and that requires the police to use any and all environmental factors in order to make an educated decision. (Cox, Macrame, Carmella, 2014, p. 178). Racial profiling as defined before is intertwined with the police subculture and not viewed as a weapon against minorities but more as a tool to be used to aid the police in their efforts to prevent crime and keep the public safe from harm. When people stand up against racial profiling they are painting Just one group to be the subject of racial profiling, and those subjects are said to be the minority populations. Though he African American, Latino American, Asian American, etc.. Populations get profiled so do white Americans. The notable example of this would be the profiling of a serial killer. After a string of murders is identified as serial killings the next decision is to find the person responsible because they are extremely dangerous if they are left in society to run rampant. The police instantly start building a profile of the serial killer, and the first thing they do is assume the suspect will be white because statistically 80% of the serial killers that have been caught are white males (Sun, 2009, Para. ). This is racial profiling, and the police do it so that they can narrow their search field and not have to waste resources in unlikely areas. One could argue that the police doing such a thing makes it likely to skip over the actual suspect, but that is false because all the police are doing is limiting the search field. They are not completely eliminating groups of people from the suspect pool because they do not match the assumption that the serial killer would be white, because this is where the other factors that police look at come into play and they look beyond race for other elites. So it is a moot point to argue that racial profiling could skip over the actual perpetrator, because there are more factors being looked aside from the race of a profile. Race is not Just used against minorities when profiling a suspect, but it is also used against the majority sometimes so this would go to show that race is not used exclusively to target a single race or group of races. The police only use race as a factor in order to narrow a search pool and use their resources wisely while maximizing their effectiveness. Police officers all around the world wake up every ironing and put on a bullet proof vest and go to work to protect and serve the community. Police are forced to confront situations that a majority of Americans will never face in their lives and in order to make decisions the police need to use every aspect of every situation in order to make the safest and most logical decision. Police officers always will have to use the discretion that the citizens of the United States have given to them in order to make the best educated decision they can. Sometimes that Judgment is influenced by race, but that is not the sole factor in the average officers decision.

Statement of Purpose. The social work profession Personal

Of Purpose. The social work profession - Personal Statement Example The settings of social work practice may include hospitals, the homes of service users, schools, and other voluntary organizations (Horne, 1999). In my human service experiences and interactions with others, I have incorporated the values of social work in numerous ways. In the practice of my profession, I have paid significant attention to the social work values of service, dignity and worth of the person, social justice, integrity, importance of human relationships and competence (Sue, 2005). I have always held dear the social work value of service based on the reason that the primary goal of my profession is to help those in need to address the social problems, which they may be facing. As the social work value of service to clients purports, social workers should volunteer some of their professional skills with no expectation of financial return. I have successfully done this since I have assisted most of my clients without any expectation of getting returns from them. Another co re social work value includes social justice, which is based on the ethical principle that social workers should challenge social injustice (Vass, 1996). In my experience and interactions with others, I have pursued change on behalf of the oppressed and vulnerable persons in society. While working with diverse groups of persons, I have realized the need to acknowledge their ethnic, as well as cultural diversity. In the practice of social work profession, social workers should respect the dignity and worth of the person. As such, social workers should aim at treating clients and all persons in a respectful and caring manner (Turner, 2011). I have held this value to the latter; I have always promoted the self determination of clients in the decisions they make. In a socially responsible manner, I have sought to resolve the conflicts between client interests and interests of the broader society. Integrity can be regarded as one of the core values in the practice of social work; social workers have the obligation to behave in a manner that seems trustworthy (Shardlow, 2004). In my experiences with clients and interactions with people, I have always acted in line with the mission, ethical principles, values, and ethical standards of social work. I have acted responsibly and honestly; I have achieved this by promoting ethical principles and practices of the profession. In my human service experiences and interactions with people, I have recognized the significance of human relationships. I have assisted clients to understand that the relationships they have with people play an essential role in change. Moreover, I have strived to strengthen the relationships between people. This has allowed me to enhance, restore, and promote the wellbeing of families, individuals, and social groups. In my interactions with people and human service experience, I have successfully become competent in the field of social service. This has allowed me to enhance and develop the professi onal practice of my profession. Competence has increased my professional skills as well as knowledge; I plan to apply these in practice. I have had significant life experiences and relationships in giving help; these experiences motivated me to pursue social work. Social work entails working with clients at various levels, especially the needy, in order to improve their